Der Ukrainekrieg als Nagelprobe einer christlichen Friedenserziehung. Konzeptionelle Reflexionen und konkrete Handlungsperspektiven für den Religionsunterricht

Der Ukrainekrieg fordert grundlegende Annahmen christlicher Friedensethik und -erziehung heraus. Vor diesem Hintergrund legt der Artikel drei Erkenntnisse der Friedenspädagogik frei, hinter die heute nicht mehr zurückgefallen werden darf: Religionen besitzen eine ambivalente Rolle in politischen Konflikten; entwicklungsabhängig sind individuelle und strukturelle Aspekte von Krieg und Frieden zusammen zu denken; und eine ‚pazifistische Positionalität‘ ist heute im Religionsunterricht kontrovers zu diskutieren. An diese konzeptionellen Reflexionen anschließend werden konkrete Handlungsperspektiven für den Unterricht entfaltet und exemplarisch anhand von drei Großmethoden diskutiert: Friedensgebete, Planspiele und sozialpolitische Aktionen. (DIPF/Orig.)The war in Ukraine challenges fundamental assumptions of Christian peace ethics and education for peace. Viewed in this context, this article gives three insights into peace education which should not be overlooked: religions have an ambivalent role in political conflicts; depending on learning development, individual and structural aspects of war and peace should be combined; and a ‘pacifist position’ should be a controversial topic in religious education today. Following on from these conceptual reflections, perspectives for teaching practice are developed and discussed using three major methods as examples: prayers for peace, simulation games, and socio-political initiatives. (DIPF/Orig.

Diskussionsimpulse für den pastoraltheologischen Diskurs über „Rechtspopulismus“: Gegenstandsbestimmung, Bezüge zu Religion und praktische Umgangsmöglichkeiten

Der folgende Beitrag zeigt Diskussionsimpulse für einen systematischen pastoraltheologischen Diskurs zum Thema „Rechtspopulismus“ auf. Ausgehend von vereinzelten Beiträgen zum Thema aus der Praktischen Theologie, werden drei Inhaltsfelder thematisiert: Erstens wird die Verwendung des Begriffs „Rechtspopulismus“ diskutiert. Zweitens wird die sog. „Instrumentalisierungsthese“ reflektiert, die besagt, dass rechte Akteure sich instrumentell auf Religion beziehen, um so die eigentlichen politischen Ziele zu erreichen. Drittens wird die „Dialogthese“ bedacht, der zufolge die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Phänomen diskursiv-deliberativ zu erfolgen habe. Abschließend werden pastoraltheologische Perspektiven für den Umgang mit diesen drei Themenbereichen skizziert. In the following article, I would like to point out ideas for a systematic pastoral-theological discourse on the topic of “right-wing populism”. Based on particular papers from practical theology on the topic, three thematic areas will be addressed: First, the use of the term “right-wing populism” will be discussed. Second, the so-called “instrumentalization thesis” will be reflected upon. The thesis states that right-wing actors refer to religion instrumentally in order to achieve concrete political goals. Third, the “dialogue thesis” is considered, according to which addressing the phenomenon must be discursive-deliberative. Overall, I present pastoral-theological perspectives for dealing with these three issues

Different paths to the modern state in Europe: the interaction between domestic political economy and interstate competition

Theoretical work on state formation and capacity has focused mostly on early modern Europe and on the experience of western European states during this period. While a number of European states monopolized domestic tax collection and achieved gains in state capacity during the early modern era, for others revenues stagnated or even declined, and these variations motivated alternative hypotheses for determinants of fiscal and state capacity. In this study we test the basic hypotheses in the existing literature making use of the large date set we have compiled for all of the leading states across the continent. We find strong empirical support for two prevailing threads in the literature, arguing respectively that interstate wars and changes in economic structure towards an urbanized economy had positive fiscal impact. Regarding the main point of contention in the theoretical literature, whether it was representative or authoritarian political regimes that facilitated the gains in fiscal capacity, we do not find conclusive evidence that one performed better than the other. Instead, the empirical evidence we have gathered lends supports to the hypothesis that when under pressure of war, the fiscal performance of representative regimes was better in the more urbanized-commercial economies and the fiscal performance of authoritarian regimes was better in rural-agrarian economie

PDRs4All IV. An embarrassment of riches: Aromatic infrared bands in the Orion Bar

(Abridged) Mid-infrared observations of photodissociation regions (PDRs) are dominated by strong emission features called aromatic infrared bands (AIBs). The most prominent AIBs are found at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.2 $\mu$m. The most sensitive, highest-resolution infrared spectral imaging data ever taken of the prototypical PDR, the Orion Bar, have been captured by JWST. We provide an inventory of the AIBs found in the Orion Bar, along with mid-IR template spectra from five distinct regions in the Bar: the molecular PDR, the atomic PDR, and the HII region. We use JWST NIRSpec IFU and MIRI MRS observations of the Orion Bar from the JWST Early Release Science Program, PDRs4All (ID: 1288). We extract five template spectra to represent the morphology and environment of the Orion Bar PDR. The superb sensitivity and the spectral and spatial resolution of these JWST observations reveal many details of the AIB emission and enable an improved characterization of their detailed profile shapes and sub-components. While the spectra are dominated by the well-known AIBs at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 $\mu$m, a wealth of weaker features and sub-components are present. We report trends in the widths and relative strengths of AIBs across the five template spectra. These trends yield valuable insight into the photochemical evolution of PAHs, such as the evolution responsible for the shift of 11.2 $\mu$m AIB emission from class B$_{11.2}$ in the molecular PDR to class A$_{11.2}$ in the PDR surface layers. This photochemical evolution is driven by the increased importance of FUV processing in the PDR surface layers, resulting in a "weeding out" of the weakest links of the PAH family in these layers. For now, these JWST observations are consistent with a model in which the underlying PAH family is composed of a few species: the so-called 'grandPAHs'.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures, to appear in A&

PDRs4All III: JWST's NIR spectroscopic view of the Orion Bar

(Abridged) We investigate the impact of radiative feedback from massive stars on their natal cloud and focus on the transition from the HII region to the atomic PDR (crossing the ionisation front (IF)), and the subsequent transition to the molecular PDR (crossing the dissociation front (DF)). We use high-resolution near-IR integral field spectroscopic data from NIRSpec on JWST to observe the Orion Bar PDR as part of the PDRs4All JWST Early Release Science Program. The NIRSpec data reveal a forest of lines including, but not limited to, HeI, HI, and CI recombination lines, ionic lines, OI and NI fluorescence lines, Aromatic Infrared Bands (AIBs including aromatic CH, aliphatic CH, and their CD counterparts), CO2 ice, pure rotational and ro-vibrational lines from H2, and ro-vibrational lines HD, CO, and CH+, most of them detected for the first time towards a PDR. Their spatial distribution resolves the H and He ionisation structure in the Huygens region, gives insight into the geometry of the Bar, and confirms the large-scale stratification of PDRs. We observe numerous smaller scale structures whose typical size decreases with distance from Ori C and IR lines from CI, if solely arising from radiative recombination and cascade, reveal very high gas temperatures consistent with the hot irradiated surface of small-scale dense clumps deep inside the PDR. The H2 lines reveal multiple, prominent filaments which exhibit different characteristics. This leaves the impression of a "terraced" transition from the predominantly atomic surface region to the CO-rich molecular zone deeper in. This study showcases the discovery space created by JWST to further our understanding of the impact radiation from young stars has on their natal molecular cloud and proto-planetary disk, which touches on star- and planet formation as well as galaxy evolution.Comment: 52 pages, 30 figures, submitted to A&

PDRs4All II: JWST's NIR and MIR imaging view of the Orion Nebula

The JWST has captured the most detailed and sharpest infrared images ever taken of the inner region of the Orion Nebula, the nearest massive star formation region, and a prototypical highly irradiated dense photo-dissociation region (PDR). We investigate the fundamental interaction of far-ultraviolet photons with molecular clouds. The transitions across the ionization front (IF), dissociation front (DF), and the molecular cloud are studied at high-angular resolution. These transitions are relevant to understanding the effects of radiative feedback from massive stars and the dominant physical and chemical processes that lead to the IR emission that JWST will detect in many Galactic and extragalactic environments. Due to the proximity of the Orion Nebula and the unprecedented angular resolution of JWST, these data reveal that the molecular cloud borders are hyper structured at small angular scales of 0.1-1" (0.0002-0.002 pc or 40-400 au at 414 pc). A diverse set of features are observed such as ridges, waves, globules and photoevaporated protoplanetary disks. At the PDR atomic to molecular transition, several bright features are detected that are associated with the highly irradiated surroundings of the dense molecular condensations and embedded young star. Toward the Orion Bar PDR, a highly sculpted interface is detected with sharp edges and density increases near the IF and DF. This was predicted by previous modeling studies, but the fronts were unresolved in most tracers. A complex, structured, and folded DF surface was traced by the H2 lines. This dataset was used to revisit the commonly adopted 2D PDR structure of the Orion Bar. JWST provides us with a complete view of the PDR, all the way from the PDR edge to the substructured dense region, and this allowed us to determine, in detail, where the emission of the atomic and molecular lines, aromatic bands, and dust originate

PDRs4All: A JWST Early Release Science Program on Radiative Feedback from Massive Stars

22 pags., 8 figs., 1 tab.Massive stars disrupt their natal molecular cloud material through radiative and mechanical feedback processes. These processes have profound effects on the evolution of interstellar matter in our Galaxy and throughout the universe, from the era of vigorous star formation at redshifts of 1-3 to the present day. The dominant feedback processes can be probed by observations of the Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs) where the far-ultraviolet photons of massive stars create warm regions of gas and dust in the neutral atomic and molecular gas. PDR emission provides a unique tool to study in detail the physical and chemical processes that are relevant for most of the mass in inter-and circumstellar media including diffuse clouds, proto-planetary disks, and molecular cloud surfaces, globules, planetary nebulae, and star-forming regions. PDR emission dominates the infrared (IR) spectra of star-forming galaxies. Most of the Galactic and extragalactic observations obtained with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will therefore arise in PDR emission. In this paper we present an Early Release Science program using the MIRI, NIRSpec, and NIRCam instruments dedicated to the observations of an emblematic and nearby PDR: the Orion Bar. These early JWST observations will provide template data sets designed to identify key PDR characteristics in JWST observations. These data will serve to benchmark PDR models and extend them into the JWST era. We also present the Science-Enabling products that we will provide to the community. These template data sets and Science-Enabling products will guide the preparation of future proposals on star-forming regions in our Galaxy and beyond and will facilitate data analysis and interpretation of forthcoming JWST observations.Support for JWST-ERS program ID 1288 was provided through grants from the STScI under NASA contract NAS5-03127 to STScI (K.G., D.V.D.P., M.R.), Univ. of Maryland (M.W., M.P.), Univ. of Michigan (E.B., F.A.), and Univ. of Toledo (T.S.-Y.L.). O.B. and E.H. are supported by the Programme National “Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire” (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with INC/INP co-funded by CEA and CNES, and through APR grants 6315 and 6410 provided by CNES. E. P. and J.C. acknowledge support from the National Science and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant program (RGPIN-2020-06434 and RGPIN-2021-04197 respectively). E.P. acknowledges support from a Western Strategic Support Accelerator Grant (ROLA ID 0000050636). J.R.G. and S.C. thank the Spanish MCINN for funding support under grant PID2019-106110GB-I00. Work by M.R. and Y.O. is carried out within the Collaborative Research Centre 956, subproject C1, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)—project ID 184018867. T.O. acknowledges support from JSPS Bilateral Program, grant No. 120219939. M.P. and M.W. acknowledge support from NASA Astrophysics Data Analysis Program award #80NSSC19K0573. C.B. is grateful for an appointment at NASA Ames Research Center through the San José State University Research Foundation (NNX17AJ88A) and acknowledges support from the Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Directed Work Package at NASA Ames titled: “Laboratory Astrophysics—The NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database.”Peer reviewe

Current and Future Potentials of Liberation Pedagogies: A Discussion of Paulo Freire’s, Augusto Boal’s, and Johannes A. van der Ven’s Approaches

In a time of social crises, pedagogical approaches are necessary that are sensitive to power relations, social crises, and political transformations. The pedagogies of Paulo Freire, Augusto Boal, and Johannes A. van der Ven represent such approaches. In this article, I aim to critically re-read these three theories and contextualize them within the vibrant and transnational history of liberation theologies. This historical approach makes it possible to uncover untapped potential for today and to think of liberation pedagogy at the cutting edge. Even though the three approaches were developed in contexts different from today’s, Freire, Boal, and Van der Ven, reflected on some commonalities that are also characteristic of the social crises of our time. With their help, I am going to outline three elements useful for the much-needed elaboration of a contemporary liberation pedagogy. A lively theory-practice-relationship and an embedding of theory in social movements (1); a complex analysis and critique of society and education and an easy-to-understand short version of it (2); and a profound emancipatory concept of education that gives freedom to learners while not being politically neutral (3)

Politische Religionspädagogik in transnationaler Perspektive. Rekonstruktion von Grundlinien des Wissenstransfers in der katholischen Religionspädagogik der langen 1960er Jahre

Derzeit wird erneut über die politische Dimension religiöser Bildung debattiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund legt der Artikel frei, dass es in den langen 1960er-Jahren eine transnationale Tradition politischer Religionspädagogik gab. Im Rahmen dieser Tradition fand ein transnationaler Wissenstransfer statt, der anhand der Methodologie und Forschungsergebnisse des Historikers Gerd-Rainer Horn untersucht werden kann. Exemplarische Ergebnisse stellen Adolf Exelers Rezeption lateinamerikanischer Befreiungskatechese und Emilio Alberichs Aufnahme deutschsprachiger politischer Religionspädagogik dar. Um Wiederholungszwänge zu vermeiden und Potenziale zu heben, sollte dieser Traditionsstrang auch heute bewusst sein. (DIPF/Orig.)The political dimension of religious education is currently being debated again. In reference to this, this article reveals that there was a transnational tradition of Public Religious Pedagogy during the long 1960s. Within the framework of this tradition, a transnational transfer of knowledge took place and could be analysed using the methodology and research results of the historian Gerd-Rainer Horn. Examples of this could be found in Adolf Exeler\u27s reception of Latin American liberation catechesis and Emilio Alberich\u27s adaption of German-language civic religious education. In order to avoid the repetition of errors and to increase potentials, this tradition should also be discussed today